혼인무효/취소 사유와 절차
I. 혼인무효 사유
Art. 35. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning: 다음의 결혼은 무효, 처음부터 효력을 가지지 아니한다.
(1) Those contracted by any party below eighteen years of age even with the consent of parents or guardians; 18세미만의 자로서 부모의 동의가 없는 자
(2) Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages unless such marriages were contracted with either or both parties believing in good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so; 성혼 권한이 없는 자에 의한 성혼. 다만, 쌍방 배우자가 선의일 것.
(3) Those solemnized without license, except those covered the preceding Chapter; 성혼 자격증이 없는 자
(4) Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not failing under Article 41; 중혼, 복혼이 경우.
(5) Those contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to the identity of the other; 결혼상대방을 혼동한 경우 and
(6) Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53. 초혼을 이유로 무효가 된 중혼
Art. 36. A marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization. (As amended by Executive Order 227)
배우자로서 배우자로서 의무를 다 할 수 없는 정신적 무능력자의 결혼은 무효; 결혼 중 무능력이 밝혀진 경우에도 적용
Art. 37. Marriages between the following are incestuous and void from the beginning, whether relationship between the parties be legitimate or illegitimate: 근친간 결혼; 친남매이든 이복남매이든 불문
(1) Between ascendants and descendants of any degree; and
(2) Between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood. (81a)
Art. 38. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning for reasons of public policy:
(1) Between collateral blood relatives whether legitimate or illegitimate, up to the fourth civil degree;
(2) Between step-parents and step-children;
(3) Between parents-in-law and children-in-law;
(4) Between the adopting parent and the adopted child;
(5) Between the surviving spouse of the adopting parent and the adopted child;
(6) Between the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter;
(7) Between an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter;
(8) Between adopted children of the same adopter; and
(9) Between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, killed that other person's spouse, or his or her own spouse. (82) 다른 자와 결혼을 위해 자신의 배우자나 상대방의 배우자를 살해한 자
Art. 39. The action or defense for the declaration of absolute nullity of a marriage shall not prescribe. (As amended by Executive Order 227 and Republic Act No. 8533; The phrase"However, in case of marriage celebrated before the effectivity of this Code and falling under Article 36, such action or defense shall prescribe in ten years after this Code shall taken effect" has been deleted by Republic Act No. 8533[Approved February 23, 1998]). 소멸시효/제척기간의 적용이 없다(원칙).
II. 혼인취소 사유
Art. 45. A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage:
(1) That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife;
(2) That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
(3) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; 기만/사기로 결혼한 경우; 그 구체적이 사유는 Art. 46에 열거되어 있는데 유죄판결 확정, 전염성 성병, 결혼 당시 다른 남자와 사이에 임신한 경우, 알콜 등 중독 및 동성애가 사유가 된다. 이 밖에 성격, 건강, 사회적 신분, 재산, 순결 등에 대한 것은 해당되지 않는다.
(4) That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; 폭력, 공갈, 술 등에 취한 경우
(5) That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable; 성적 무능력자or
(6) That either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable. (85a) 치유불가능한 전염성 성병에 걸린 자
<기타>
* After securing a judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of marriage, the parties, before entering into the subsequent marriage, failed to record with the appropriate registry the: (i) partition and distribution of the properties of the first marriage; And (ii) delivery of the children’s presumptive legitime.
* Separation-in-fact(?)는 혼인취소사유가 되지 않음.
상기한 결혼무효 사유 중 변호사들이 가장 자주 인용되는 것은 정신적 무능력(Psychological Incapacity)입니다. 왜냐하면 다른 사유들은 결혼 당시 존재하는 사유이어야 하는데 정신적 무능력은 결혼 이후에 발생한 것이라도 인정하고, 더 나아가 법원은 이 사유를 넓게 해석하고 있기 때문입니다. Supreme court는 상습적인 거질말(habitual lying)이나 도박(Molina case))도 무효사유로 보고 있습니다. (not a mere refusal, neglect or difficulty, much less, ill will, on the part of the errant spouse. Irreconcilable differences, conflicting personalities, emotional immaturity and irresponsibility, physical abuse, habitual alcoholism, sexual infidelity or perversion, and abandonment, by themselves, also do not warrant a finding of psychological incapacity.)
III.혼인무효/취소 절차
절차에 대해 잘 정리된 글이 있어 이를 해석하는 것으로 대신하겠습니다.
<출처> www.ChristianFilipina.com
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF ANNULMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES?
January 24th, 2013
Since there is no divorce law in the Philippines, it is legally necessary that a previously-married Filipino woman or man, whose spouse is still alive, get a legal civil annulment in order to marry again. 배우자가 사망한 경우에는 재혼할 수 있다.
1) The First step is to hire an attorney. An attorney’s packaged acceptance fee typically ranges from 70,000 pesos ($1750) to 120,000 pesos ($3000). In the Philippines, there are some people who might promise and offer services, such as a quick annulment of marriage, for an even larger amount. However, taking such a large risk is ill-advised and may result in a complete loss of the entire exorbitant sum with little or no actual progress on the legal case. 첫번째 단계는 변호사를 고용하는 것일텐데, 팩키지 비용은 7만~12만 페소이다.
The time necessary for annulment depends on the talent, connections, and dedication of the attorney. An uncontested annulment case (in which the spouse does not show up at all in court) may take 6 months to 4 years to complete depending on the calendar of the court, the availability of witnesses and other issues such as custody or property. Cases where the spouse does appear can be even longer. 만약소송기간은 변호사의 능력 및 성실성, 인맥 등에 의해 영향을 받는다. 피고 배우자가 적극적으로 방어하지 않으면 기간은 보통 6개월- 4년이 걸린다. 법원 스케쥴, 증인 유무, 양육권, 재산 분할 등에 의해서도 좌우된다.
Constant communication and follow up are needed for the case to go smoothly and on schedule.
2) The second step is writing the required marital history. This is a detailed narrative of the marriage from the time the two first met through the present. It also includes the reason for the separation focused on the personality of the couples and detailing the end the relationship. 결혼생활에 대한 자세한 기록을 한다.
3) The third step is the psychological evaluation process. This varies from one psychologist to the next. The lawyer normally would recommend a psychologist/psychiatrist who will do the evaluation and be a witness in court. The evaluation may cost from 15,000 pesos to as high as 40,000 pesos. Some charge additional fees for testifying in court. (Normally, this fee is already included in the annulment package quoted by the attorney.) The spouse will be asked to join in the evaluation, but in most instances they do not participate in the evaluation process. The psychologist will then proceed to do the evaluation based on the tests and the interviews with the party or parties as well as other relevant witnesses. 정신분석을 하는 단계이다. (이 단계는 정신적 무능력을 이유로 하는 경우에 국한 되는 것으로 보인다.) 심리학자/정신과의사를 고용하는 것이 일반적이다. 정신분석을 받아야 할 배우자가 이를 거부할 경우에는 주변조사로 대신하여야 한다.
4) The fourth step is the drafting, then filing, of the petition itself. This is the lawyer’s job. After the filing of the petition, which must be signed by the requesting party (husband or wife), the case will be assigned to a branch of the Regional Trial Court. The spouse will now be notified by sending papers, called summons, requiring the spouse to answer the petition within a number of days from receipt of the notice. 변호사는 신청서(petition)를 작성하여 지방법원에 제출하며 법원은 피고에게 답변서 제출의 기회를 준다.
5) Collusion of marriage (both parties agreed to file an annulment) will also be investigated, a process wherein a public prosecutor will be assigned to a court and will be asked to determine if the parties involved are conspiring to file a case. Collusion – mutually agreed-upon separation – is not an acceptable condition and would result in a dismissal of the annulment petition. 쌍방 배우자가 헤어지기로 합의하고 편법으로 신청하기로 공모한 경우에는 신청은 각하된다. 그 합의 유무를 조사하기 위해 검사가 배정된다.
After the collusion investigation, a report is prepared by the public prosecutor on the findings of his investigation. If no collusion is found, the case proceeds to a pretrial and the spouse will be notified again. If the spouse does not appear, the court will proceed with the marking of the documents, the determination of the number of witnesses, and the schedule of the trial. During the trial stage, witnesses will be called. Normally, the witnesses would be the petitioning party, a corroborating witness (who knew the couple and what happened to the marriage), and the psychologist who will testify on the evaluation made. The public prosecutor representing the government will be allowed to question the witnesses as well.만약 공모하지 않았다고 판단되면 신청은 일반절차로 이어진다. 소송서류 검토, 증거조사 등이 이루어진다.
After the trial and the offer of evidence, the case is then submitted for decision. (Waiting for decision may take 90 days or more) 변론 종결 후 결정까지 90일 정도가 걸린다.
Note that the presence of the spouse is not necessary in the process. In most annulment proceedings, in fact, the other party to the marriage does not participate at all. This speeds up the process somewhat because if the other party makes an appearance, then he will likewise be given the opportunity to present witnesses and evidence. 상대방 배우자가 변론에 참석하지 않아도 재판은 진행된다. 오히려 재판은 더 빨리 진행될 수 있다.
IV. 혼인 무효/취소의 효과
1. 혼인관계는 종료되므로 재혼할 수 있다.
2. 부부의 재산은 양분된다. 그러나 귀책(offending) 배우자의 재산 중 결혼 중에 공동재산을 이용해 얻은 이익은 자녀 몫으로 된다.
3. 귀책배우자는 결혼을 이유로 증여받은 물건을 반환하여야 한다.
4. 귀책배우자는 생명보험등에서 배우자로서의 혜택을 상실한다.
5. 귀책배우자는 무책(innocent) 배우자의 재산을 상속받거나 사인증여받지 못한다.
MRPI(2015/09/06)
